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History of computers has been started since time immemorial. Since time immemorial, the data processing has been done by humans. Humans also find mechanical appliances and electronics (mechanical and electronic) to assist people in accounting and data processing in order to obtain faster results. Computer that we encounter today is a long evolution of human inventions since time immemorial in the form of a mechanical device (mechanical) and electronics (electronic)
Today computers and supporting devices have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computer that exist now have a greater ability than ordinary mathematics calculations. Among them is a computer system capable of reading gauze supermarket shopping item code, which handles millions of central telephone calls and communications, computer networks and the Internet that connect different parts of the world.

Computer History by period are:

    Tools and Calculators Calculate Traditional Mechanical
    First Generation Computers
    Second Generation Computers
    Third Generation Computers
    Fourth Generation Computers
    Fifth Generation Computer

TRADITIONAL TOOLS and CALCULATOR CALCULATE MEKANIKAbacus, which appeared about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still used in some places to this day can be considered as the beginning of komputasi.Alat engine allows users to perform calculations using sliding grains arranged on a shelf. The merchants in those using abacus to calculate trade transactions. Along with the emergence of a pencil and paper, especially in Europe, the abacus lost its popularity
After almost 12 centuries, came another invention in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations
This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight serrated wheel to add up the numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on the number ten. The downside of this tool is restricted to the sum
In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that can multiply. Just like its predecessor, is a mechanical device works by using the wheels serrations. By studying the notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can refine tools.

It was only in the 1820s, mechanical calculators became popular. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. With his ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.
Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural compatibility between mechanical engineering and mechanical engineering mathematics is very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; being mathematics requires a simple repetition of a specific part measures. The problem is growing up putting engines kemudain mechanics as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem surfaced in 1822 when he proposed a machine to melakukanperhitungan differential equations. The machine is called Differential Engine. By using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.
After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicating to the public specification of the Analytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of Augusta this machine allows it to put instructions into the machine and also making it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA with the name as a tribute to him.

Babbage steam engine, though never finished, looks very primitive when compared to today's standards. However, the tool describes the basic elements of a modern computer and also reveals an important concept. Consisting of approximately 50,000 components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine using perforated cards (with holes) that contains the operating instructions for the machine.
In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also apply the principle of perforated cards to perform calculations. His first task was to find a faster way to perform calculations for the U.S. Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 took seven years to complete the calculation. With a growing population, the Bureau estimates that it takes ten years to complete the census count.
Hollerith used perforated cards to enter census data are then processed by a mechanical device. A card can store up to 80 variables. By using these tools, the census can be completed within six weeks. Besides having the advantage in speed, the card serves as data storage. The error rate calculation can also be reduced drastically. Hollerith later develop these tools and sell them to the public. He founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 which later became International Business Machine (1924) after some time the merger. Other companies such as Remington Rand and Burroghs also manufacture perforated card reader for business. Perforated cards used by businesses to permrosesan dn government data up to 1960.
In the next period, several engineers made other new discoveries. Vannevar Bush (18901974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931. The machine can solve complex differential equations that is considered complicated by academics. The machine is very large and heavy because hundreds of gears and shafts are required to perform calculations. In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer electrically Boolean algebra in electrical circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) in the form of a binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or false. By applying the conditions are right and wrong in the electrical circuit in the form of connected-disconnected, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electronic computer in 1940. But those projects stalled due to loss of funding.
COMPUTER FIRST GENERATION
With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance a computer. This increased funding for computer development and accelerate technical progress. In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.
Party allies also made other progress in the development of computer power. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to decode the secrets used by Germany. The Colossus did not significantly affect the development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, Colossus was not a general-purpose computer versatile computer), it is only designed to decode secret messages. Second, the existence of the machine was kept secret until decades after the war ended.
The work done by the Americans at that time produced a broader achievement. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator measures the length of a football field and a half away and has a range of 500 miles along the cable. The IBM Automatic Sequence Harvd-Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. It uses electromagnetic signals to move mechanical components. The machine was slow (taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic and more complex equations.
The development of other computers in this period is the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which was created by the cooperation between the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consumes huge power of 160kW. The computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I.Pada the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the team of the University of Pennsylvania building concept desin computer up to 40 years is still used in computer engineering.
Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both programs and data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The main key von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that uses the von Neumann architecture model. Neither the U.S. Census Bureau and General Electric have UNIVAC. One of the impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a program of different binary-coded-called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first-generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large) and magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of electric machines is reduced drastically. The transistor used in computers began in 1956. Other findings in the form of magnetic core memory-second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is the supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, both developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability much in demand by atomic scientists. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC The second generation of computers replacing the machine language to assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, computers began to appear successful second generation in the business, in universities and in government. The second generation of computers is a computer which used transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: printers, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs. One important example of this is the computer in the IBM 1401 that is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information.
The program stored in the computer programming language in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print customer invoices and minutes later design products or calculate paychecks. Some programming languages ​​began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. These languages ​​replaced cryptic binary machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This makes it easy for someone to program a computer. Various New types of careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). Software industry also began to appear and grow during this second generation of computers.
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, made from quartz. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) which allows the engine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
After IC, the development becomes more apparent that shrink the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a chip tunggal.Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to install so many components in a chip the size of half a coin prices eased and the size of the computer. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability of computers. Intel 4004 chip made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a small boiling chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all demands. Not long after, everyday household items such as microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors.
Such developments allow ordinary people to use computers. The computer is no longer a dominance of large corporations or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can diprogram.Pada 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued their trend toward a smaller size, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) to a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be held (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential of being developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, these computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. The computer network allows a single computer to establish electronic collaboration to complete a task process. By using direct cabling (also called a local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
Defining the fifth generation computer becomes quite difficult because the field is still very young. Example of fifth generation computer imaginative fictional HAL9000 computer from the novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the desired functions of a fifth-generation computers. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), HAL may have enough reason to hold conversations with humans, using visual feedback, and learn from his own experiences.
Although it may be the realization of HAL9000 is still far from reality, many of the functions that had been established. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and imitate human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes possible. This facility looks simpler. However, such facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human understanding relies heavily on context and meaning rather than just translate the words directly.
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the creation of the fifth generation computer. Two such engineering advances are parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the model of von Neumann. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work as one. Another advance is superconductor technology, which allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) was also set up to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computerized paradigm. We wait for which information is more valid and fruitful.